B.Ed. Notes- Educational Technology
Module II : EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by
SABARISH-P
M.Sc., M.Ed., JRF & NET
Assistant Professor in Physical Science, Arafa Institute for Teacher Education
Attur, Thrissur.
Contact me : pklsabarish@gmail.com
Ø Revolutions in Education – Eric Ashby (1967)
Ist Revolution: Revolution of shifting the
task of educating the young ones from parents to teachers and from home to
school.
IInd Revolution : Adoption of the ‘written
words’ as tool of education.
IIIrd Revolution : Widespread availability of
printed books.
IVth Revolution
: Developments in Electronics and its use in education.
Ø Technology
– Meaning
The
word Technology is derived from Greek word ‘technic’ meaning art or skill and
‘logia’ meaning science or study.
Thus
Technology is the science of study of an art or skill.
Technology
is defined as “application of scientific knowledge to practical purpose”.
(International dictionary
on Education)
Ø Educational Technology - Meaning – Different viewpoints
1) Application of Technology in teaching
process: Use of hardware in education - (James O. Finn & Others)
2) Application of Scientific Principles
to instruction: Emphasis Psychological principles of learning. - (Skinner & Gagne)
3) Application of system approach to
education and Training: Emphasis the interrelation of Men, Machine, Methods,
Media and Materials (5M’s).
According to this view, education should be
considered a system in which Machines, Materials, Media, Men and Methods are
interrelated parts and are organized in such a way as they work together for
the fulfillment of specific educational objectives. – (Davis & Hartley)
Ø Educational Technology – Definitions
1) “Educational Technology is defined as development, application, and
evaluation of systems, techniques, and aids to improve the process of human
learning” - NCET (National Council of Educational Technology, U.K.,1967)
2) “Educational Technology may be
defined as the application of the laws as well as recent discoveries of science
and technology to the process of education” - S.S. Kulkarni
3) “Educational Technology is the
application of scientific method and techniques to education” – B.P Lulla.
4) Educational Technology is in the form of detailed
application of the psychology of learning to practical teaching problems -De
Ceoco (1971)
5) Educational Technology defined as
science of techniques and methods by which educational goals could be realized - Shiv K. Mitra (1968)
Ø Nature
and Characteristics of Educational Technology
·
ET is the
applications of Scientific principles to education.
·
ET is the
development of methods and techniques for effective teaching-learning.
·
ET is not
confined to the use of electronic media in Education. It includes systems
approach also.
·
ET involves
input, output and process aspects of Education.
Ø Benefits
of educational technology
·
Technology
can make education more productive.
·
Technology
can make education Individualised.
·
Technology
can give instruction a more scientific base.
·
Technology
can make access to education more immediate and more equal.
·
Technology
can make instruction more powerful and interesting.
Ø Educational Technology-Objectives
1) Transmitting information
2) Assisting the practice of specific
skills.
3) Contribution to the provision of
feedback.
4) Meeting the problem of quantity- The
need to reach out to maximum number of students.
5) Individualising instruction- To offer
greater opportunities for independent study.
6) To design, modify and develop
appropriate equipment/aids suitable and relevant to the educational process.
7) To provide motivation, interest, accuracy and more
productivity in learning.
8) To realise the Learning Objectives more effectively
9) To identify the educational needs of
the learner.
10) To identify the necessary teaching
learning materials.
11) To plan teaching strategies, models
and methods as per the need and objectives.
12) To evaluate the effectiveness of
teaching strategy in terms of learning outcomes.
13) To provide appropriate feedback to
student as well as teachers.
14) To modify the teaching learning
process on the basis of feedback received.
15) Equalising educational opportunity.
Ø Two terms in Education related to Technology
1) Technology in education
•
Technology in Education is the application of technology to any process of
education.
•
Use of the technological advancement in terms of various equipments, materials,
and machines for educational purposes.
•
It involves the increasingly complex range of audiovisual equipment,
sophisticated electronic devices like projectors, films, radio, TV, tape
recorder, computers etc for individualized
and group learning.
2) Technology of Education
•
Technology of Education is the application of psychology of learning theories,
principles of instruction, curriculum, and learning to the process of
education.
•
It enables a teacher to use a variety of media and modes to make his teaching
effective.
•
In this the educationalist are involved in designing and evaluation of system
of learning.
Ø Approaches to Educational Technology. (Three-Tier Approaches to Educational Technology)
A.A. Lemsdein (1964) has
classified educational technology into three types/approaches.
Hardware Approach (Technology in education)
·
This approach implies the use of
mechanical materials and equipments in education. Term first introduced by James O. Finn & Others.
·
This approach originated from
Physical Science and engineering.
·
Using technology in the process of
education.
·
This approach is a by-product of the
scientific and technological developments of the 20th century
·
In this approach the main feature is
the use of audiovisual aids like charts, models, film-strips, slides, audio
cassettes, and sophisticated equipments like film projectors, OHP, slide
projector, radio, tape recorder, LCD projector, DLP Projector, CD players, DVD
Players, TV, computer etc.
·
This help for knowledge explosion.
·
Helps in reaching out to large
numbers and hence help in reducing expenses.
·
It leads to an overall efficiency in
the educational system.
Software Approach (Technology of Education)
·
This
approach implies the use of Psychological principles and learning theories in
education. Term first introduced by Skinner & Gagne
·
Originated
from Behavioral Science.
·
In
software approach, the Psychology of Learning is exploited for the production/development
and utilization of software techniques and materials in terms of learning
materials, teaching-learning strategies, tools of evaluation and other devices
to soften and smoothen the task of teaching and learning.
System Approach
·
System:
A system is any collection of interrelated parts that together constitute a
larger whole. A number of units working together for a particular goal.
·
These
component parts, or elements of the system are intimately linked with one
another, either directly or indirectly, and any change in one or more elements
may affect the overall performance of the system, either beneficially or
adversely.
·
Term
first introduced by Davis & Hartley.
·
Definition: System approach is an integrated,
programmed complex of instructional media, hardware and personnel whose
components are structured as a single unit with a schedule of time and
sequential phasing.
·
System
Approach involves Three Stages
o
System
Analysis
o
System
Design and Implementation
o
System
Evaluation
·
System
approach is a systematic way of Analysis, designing & implementation and
evaluation of a process in terms of its desired objectives.
·
In
the case of education, Education also can be analyzed in terms of the three
components, namely Input, Process and Output.
·
System
Analysis will help the teacher to establish meaningful relationship between
Output, Input and Process.
·
This
System design should act as the guidelines for the teacher in what to teach,
when and what manner.
·
Immediate
feedback, diagnosis and remediation at every stage should be the main role to
be played by System evaluation.
·
Evaluation
has to be done continuously and should involve formative as well as summative.
Ø
Education is a system which can be
represented as follows.
Ø
Advantages of System Approach
·
It provides a
framework to build plans for implementing changes in education.
·
It helps to
identify the suitability of the resource material to achieve the specific goal.
·
Technological
advance could be used to provide integration of machines, media, and people for
attaining the defined goal.
·
Continuous
evaluation and feedback ensures quality.
·
Problems in
education can be systematically identified and solved.
Ø
Scope of Educational Technology
·
Spelling
out Educational goals and Objectives.
o
Help
for the formulation of objectives and goals of education based on
individualized and social needs.
·
Curriculum
Development.
o
Planning
of curricular and co-curricular inputs in order to realize planned goals and
objectives.
·
Developing
Teaching-Learning materials and Resources.
o
Develops
necessary learning materials in the form of programmed learning books, computer
learning packages, mass media instruction, individualized self-instructional
packages etc.
·
Developing
Human resources.
o
ET
covers the area of teacher education.
·
Developing
Strategies.
o
Teaching
strategies, approaches and methods are devised and developed catering to
different types of students.
·
Developing
Multi-Sensory Aids.
o
Design,
development of audio visual aids.
·
Develops
Feedback Mechanism.
o
ET
develops tool of evaluation to provide feedback.
·
Develops
Passive Instruction Services.
o
Educational
radio, TV, computers are used for transmitting information. They are passive
services since all decisions are in the hands of the providers, i.e., what to
be presented, for how long, in what sequence and when.
·
Develops
Interactive Instruction Services.
o
ET
tries to provide opportunities for the learner to control the pace, mode of
presentation etc. eg. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), Teleconferencing via
Internet etc.
·
Develops
Learning Environments.
o
ET
develops learning environment that are learner friendly. Eg. Simulation
·
Developing
Information Resources.
o
ET
bridging the gap between developments in Information Technology and Education.
Information Resources : Eg. E-libraries, On line encyclopedia, World Wide Web,
·
Develops
Communication Devices.
o
ET
has developed communication devices for students who have mental capability to
communicate, but are not able to speak.
·
To
Reduce the Burden of Teachers.
o
ET
supports the teacher in Teaching Learning Process
Ø
Communication media
·
Communication
media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data or information.
Ø
Multimedia - Meaning
·
A
judicious mix of various media such as text, audio, video, graphics and
animation.
Ø
Components of Multimedia
·
Text.
·
Audio.
·
Video
·
Graphics.
·
Animation
(Animation refers to the artificial movements of text or other multimedia
objects created in virtual environments using specialized software packages.
)
Ø
Multimedia Materials in Education
·
Computer
Simulation Packages
·
Educational
interactive CD ROMs
·
Online
materials
·
Educational
Computer Games
·
CAI
materials
·
Programmed
Learning Materials
Ø
Disadvantages of multimedia
·
Expensive
·
Requires
special hardware
·
Not
always compatible
Ø
Advantages of Multimedia
·
Increases
learning effectiveness.
·
Is
more appealing over traditional, lecture-based teaching methods.
·
Offers
significant potential in improving personal communications, education and
teaching efforts.
·
Is
easy to use.
·
Frees
the teacher from routine tasks.
·
Creates
interest in students
Ø
Multisensory - Meaning
·
‘The
effective use of various senses for receiving information from various sources
is known as multi sensory approach’.
Ø Advantages of multimedia approach
·
Makes
learning more permanent.
·
Supplies
a concrete basis for conceptual thinking.
·
Creates
interest in students.
·
Offers
reality of experience.
·
Gives
depth and variety to the learning materials.
·
Helps
to develop continuity in thought.
·
Helps
to provide motivation, interest, accuracy and more productivity in learning.
·
Helps
to realise the Learning Objectives more effectively
